Server Log Observation
Also known as: Log analysis
The use of server request logs to observe which bots and visitors requested which resources, when, and with what response.
Server logs record requests at the server layer. They can show crawler visits, requested URLs, response codes, timing, and patterns that do not depend on a browser analytics script running.
A log proves that a request reached the server. It does not prove that the requester understood, indexed, ranked, or cited the content.